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<title>Subscriber trunk dialling</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Subscriber trunk dialling</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a North American equivalent, see <a href="Direct_distance_dialing" title="Direct distance dialing">Direct distance dialing</a>.</div>

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<p><b>Subscriber trunk dialling</b> (<b>STD</b>), also known as <b>subscriber toll dialing</b>, is a <a href="Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">telephone numbering plan</a> feature and telecommunications technology in the <a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and various <a href="Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> countries for the dialling of <a href="Trunking" title="Trunking">trunk calls</a> by telephone subscribers without the assistance of <a href="Switchboard_operator" title="Switchboard operator">switchboard operators</a>.

</p><p>Switching systems to enable automatic dialling of long distance calls by subscribers were introduced in the United Kingdom on 5 December 1958. The system used area codes that were based on the letters in a town's name. A ceremonial first call was made by Queen <a href="Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> from <a href="Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a> to <a href="Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>A similar service, built on <a href="Crossbar_switch" title="Crossbar switch">crossbar</a> equipment, using regionally structured numbering, rather than <a href="Alphanumerics" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphanumerics">alphanumeric</a> codes, was experimentally introduced by <a href="Minister_for_Posts_and_Telegraphs" title="Minister for Posts and Telegraphs">P&T</a> in Ireland in 1957, with the first services being in <a href="Athlone" title="Athlone">Athlone</a>. A full service was rolled out in 1958, initially to exchanges in <a href="Cork_(city)" title="Cork (city)">Cork</a> and then <a href="Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a> and its hinterland, and gradually to all areas with automatic exchanges.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The term 'STD call' was once commonly used in the UK, Ireland, <a href="Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="India" title="India">India</a>, and parts of <a href="Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, but it may be considered archaic today, or possibly even no longer be understood. Other less technical terms like 'national calling,' 'long distance calling' and so on are now more commonly used. The distinction between local and long distance / STD calls is also no longer relevant to many users, as calls are charged at flat or bundled rates. It is also necessary to dial area codes on some calls, especially from mobile phones, so they are considered part of the number.

</p><p>Terms such as 'area code', 'prefix' or 'national dialling code' tend to be used in place of 'STD code' in the UK and in Ireland.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>In the first half of the 20th century, telecommunication services developed progressively from completely manual setup of calls by operators called by subscribers, to automatic systems that could connect subscribers of the same local exchange through the use of <a href="Telephone_dial" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephone dial">telephone dials</a> installed in each telephone.

</p><p>In the 1940s, the <a href="Bell_System" title="Bell System">Bell System</a> in the United States and Canada developed methods and technologies, called <a href="Direct_distance_dialing" title="Direct distance dialing">direct distance dialing</a> and first implemented in 1951, that enabled telephone subscriber to dial long-distance telephone calls themselves without calling an operator. In the United Kingdom, a similar technology called <i>subscriber trunk dialling</i> (STD) was ready by 1958, when Queen <a href="Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a>, who was in <a href="Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>, publicised STD by dialling <a href="Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, the farthest distance a call could be directly dialled in the UK,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on 5 December 1958. The STD system was completed in 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The technology was extended when, from 8 March 1963, subscribers in London were able to directly dial Paris using <a href="International_direct_dialling" class="mw-redirect" title="International direct dialling">international direct dialling</a>.

</p><p>The term <i>subscriber trunk dialling</i> is used in the United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland, Australia, India and South East Asia. In the UK, the term is obsolescent, better known as the <a href="UK_area_codes" class="mw-redirect" title="UK area codes">UK area codes</a>.

</p><p>The introduction in the UK of subscriber dialling of long-distance calls removed the distinction that had existed between <a href="Trunk_versus_toll_telephony" title="Trunk versus toll telephony">trunk and toll</a> calls. This term however, is still widely prevalent in India to describe any national call made outside one's local unit. A "subscriber" is someone who subscribes to, i.e. rents, a telephone line, and a "trunk call" is one made over a <a href="Trunking" title="Trunking">trunk line</a>, i.e. a telephone line connecting two exchanges a long distance apart. Since all calls may be dialled direct today, the term has fallen into disuse.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Numbering_plan">Numbering plan</h3></div>

<p>In subscriber trunk dialing, each designated region of a country is identified by a unique numerical code (the STD code) that must be dialed as a prefix to each telephone number when placing calls.

</p><p>Each city with a <a href="Director_telephone_system" title="Director telephone system">director system</a> was assigned a three-digit code, in which the second digit corresponded to the first letter of the city name on the telephone dial, except London which had the two-digit code 01. Codes were later changed (e.g., London became 020, and Manchester 0161).

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<ul><li>01 London</li>

<li>021 Birmingham</li>

<li>031 Edinburgh</li>

<li>041 Glasgow</li>

<li>051 Liverpool</li>

<li>061 Manchester</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Calls_between_the_UK_and_Ireland">Calls between the UK and Ireland</h3></div>

<p>Because of the high volume of calls between the Republic of Ireland and the UK, international direct dialling was implemented before the formal introduction of <a href="International_Subscriber_Dialling" class="mw-redirect" title="International Subscriber Dialling">International Subscriber Dialling</a>. Calls were processed through the domestic STD networks and passed between the two networks as trunk traffic, without the need for international gateway exchanges.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="From_the_Republic_of_Ireland">From the Republic of Ireland</h4></div>

<p>Calls to Northern Ireland were made by dialling 08 and the Northern Irish STD code, for example Belfast was reached by dialling 08 0232.

</p><p>Calls to Britain were made by dialling 03 and the British STD code, e.g. 03 0222 XXX XXX or 03 061 XXX YYYY.

</p><p>Calls to cities with director area codes could also still be made with the following codes; this was an older arrangement but the numbering remained in service until the 03 code was closed:

</p>

<ul><li>031 London</li>

<li>032 Birmingham</li>

<li>033 Edinburgh</li>

<li>034 Glasgow</li>

<li>035 Liverpool</li>

<li>036 Manchester</li>

<li>Calls to Belfast could also be dialled with 084 and the local six-digit number. Belfast was not a director area.</li></ul>

<p>In 1992, Ireland adopted the harmonised European international access code 00, replacing the 16 prefix for international calls and the legacy arrangements for calling Britain. From that year, calls were made in the standard international format, i.e. <span style="white-space:nowrap">00<span style="margin-left:0.25em">44</span></span>, and the 03 range was withdrawn from use.

</p><p>Calls to Northern Ireland are now made by dialling 048 and the eight-digit local number, omitting the 028 STD code. This ensures calls are charged at lower rates. Alternatively, the full international code +44 28 can be used.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Calls_to_Ireland_from_the_UK">Calls to Ireland from the UK</h4></div>

<p>These were dialled using the full international code 010 353, or using legacy short codes. Examples were:

</p>

<ul><li>Dublin 0001</li>

<li>Limerick 0006</li>

<li>Galway 0009</li></ul>

<p>These legacy codes dialled directly into Irish cities that had crossbar switching in the 1950s and 1960s, and predated the introduction of ISD in the UK. The Irish STD system evolved around the introduction of LM Ericsson ARM and ITT Pentaconta crossbar trunk/tandem switches, and did not use the UK's director approach. While these calls were international, they were processed within the UK STD infrastructure, without passing through an international gateway exchange.

</p><p>Calls to Ireland are now made in the standard international format +353 (or 00 353) and special codes are no longer used.

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Trunk_prefix" title="Trunk prefix">Trunk prefix</a></li>

<li><a href="Telephone_numbers_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom">Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom</a></li>

<li><a href="Telephone_numbers_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Telephone numbers in the Republic of Ireland">Telephone numbers in the Republic of Ireland</a></li>

<li><a href="Telephone_numbers_in_India" title="Telephone numbers in India">Telephone numbers in India</a></li>

<li><a href="Telephone_numbers_in_Australia" title="Telephone numbers in Australia">Telephone numbers in Australia</a></li>

<li><a href="Telephone_numbers_in_New_Zealand" title="Telephone numbers in New Zealand">Telephone numbers in New Zealand</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_country_calling_codes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of country calling codes">List of country calling codes</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170311181802/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/connecting-britain/international-subscriber-trunk-dialling-introduced/">"International Subscriber Trunk Dialling introduced"</a>. <i><a href="The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Telegraph</a></i>. 10 March 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/connecting-britain/international-subscriber-trunk-dialling-introduced/">the original</a> on 11 March 2017.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1959-07-15/33/">"Committee on Finance. - Vote 55—Posts and Telegraphs. – Dáil Éireann (16th Dáil) – Wednesday, 15 Jul 1959 – Houses of the Oireachtas"</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.btplc.com/Thegroup/BTsHistory/1912to1968/1958.htm">"Events in Telecommunications History: 1958, 'BT's history', btplc.com/"</a>. 2008-06-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-08-12</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.btplc.com/Thegroup/BTsHistory/1969to1980/1979.htm">"Events in Telecommunications History: 1979, 'BT's history', btplc.com/"</a>. 2008-06-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-08-12</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.btplc.com/thegroup/BTsHistory/Eventsintelecommunicationshistory/Eventsintelecommunicationshistory.htm">The archives of BT including archives of its predecessor organizations</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110220030400/http://www.btplc.com/Thegroup/BTsHistory/Eventsintelecommunicationshistory/Eventsintelecommunicationshistory.htm">Archived</a> 2011-02-20 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: information relating to the history of the telephone system in the UK.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/21/newsid_2510000/2510289.stm">1958: Trunk dialling heralds cheaper calls</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7766631.stm">BBC video of first call taking place</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Telecommunications802" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Beacon#For_defensive_communications" title="Beacon">Beacon</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_broadcasting" title="History of broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li>

<li><a href="Cable_protection_system" title="Cable protection system">Cable protection system</a></li>

<li><a href="Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable TV</a></li>

<li><a href="Communications_satellite#History" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_network#History" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a>

<ul><li><a href="Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">audio</a></li>

<li><a href="Image_compression" title="Image compression">image</a></li>

<li><a href="Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a>

<ul><li><a href="Internet_video" title="Internet video">Internet video</a></li>

<li><a href="Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">online video platform</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a></li>

<li><a href="Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums</a></li>

<li><a href="Edholm's_law" title="Edholm's law">Edholm's law</a></li>

<li><a href="Electrical_telegraph#History" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li>

<li><a href="Heliograph#History" title="Heliograph">Heliographs</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Information revolution">Information revolution</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li>

<li><a href="Mass_media#History" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">Mobile phone</a>

<ul><li><a href="Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li>

<li><a href="Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">Optical telegraphy</a></li>

<li><a href="Pager" title="Pager">Pager</a></li>

<li><a href="Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_prepaid_mobile_phones" title="History of prepaid mobile phones">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li>

<li><a href="Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li>

<li><a href="Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li>

<li><a href="Semaphore" title="Semaphore">Semaphore</a>

<ul><li><a href="Phryctoria" title="Phryctoria">Phryctoria</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a>

<ul><li><a href="Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">device</a></li>

<li><a href="MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_transistor" title="History of the transistor">transistor</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li>

<li><a href="Telautograph" title="Telautograph">Telautograph</a></li>

<li><a href="Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li>

<li><a href="Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</a> (teletype)</li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></i></li>

<li><a href="History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a>

<ul><li><a href="Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital</a></li>

<li><a href="Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li>

<li><a href="Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled language</a></li>

<li><a href="Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">Wireless revolution</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a></li>

<li><a href="Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li>

<li><a href="Mohamed_M._Atalla" title="Mohamed M. Atalla">Mohamed M. Atalla</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li>

<li><a href="Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></li>

<li><a href="Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li>

<li><a href="Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></li>

<li><a href="Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li>

<li><a href="Francis_Blake_(inventor)" title="Francis Blake (inventor)">Francis Blake</a></li>

<li><a href="Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Charles Bourseul</a></li>

<li><a href="Walter_Houser_Brattain" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a></li>

<li><a href="Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li>

<li><a href="Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Yogen Dalal</a></li>

<li><a href="Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></li>

<li><a href="Daniel_Davis_Jr." title="Daniel Davis Jr.">Daniel Davis Jr.</a></li>

<li><a href="Amos_Dolbear" title="Amos Dolbear">Amos Dolbear</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li>

<li><a href="Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li>

<li><a href="Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li>

<li><a href="Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li>

<li><a href="Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li>

<li><a href="Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a></li>

<li><a href="Erna_Schneider_Hoover" title="Erna Schneider Hoover">Erna Schneider Hoover</a></li>

<li><a href="Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)" title="Harold Hopkins (physicist)">Harold Hopkins</a></li>

<li><a href="Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li>

<li><a href="Dawon_Kahng" title="Dawon Kahng">Dawon Kahng</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li>

<li><a href="Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li>

<li><a href="Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a></li>

<li><a href="Roberto_Landell_de_Moura" title="Roberto Landell de Moura">Roberto Landell</a></li>

<li><a href="Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a></li>

<li><a href="Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a></li>

<li><a href="Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a></li>

<li><a href="Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a></li>

<li><a href="Jun-ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_Grafton_Page" title="Charles Grafton Page">Charles Grafton Page</a></li>

<li><a href="Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li>

<li><a href="Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li>

<li><a href="Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Tivadar Puskás">Tivadar Puskás</a></li>

<li><a href="Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li>

<li><a href="Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li>

<li><a href="Almon_Brown_Strowger" title="Almon Brown Strowger">Almon Brown Strowger</a></li>

<li><a href="Henry_Sutton_(inventor)" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a></li>

<li><a href="Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li>

<li><a href="Camille_Tissot" title="Camille Tissot">Camille Tissot</a></li>

<li><a href="Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li>

<li><a href="Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li>

<li><i><a href="List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission<br>media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li>

<li><a href="Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic communication</a>

<ul><li><a href="Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Free-space_optical_communication" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></li>

<li><a href="Molecular_communication" title="Molecular communication">Molecular communication</a></li>

<li><a href="Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a>

<ul><li><a href="Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">Transmission line</a>

<ul><li><a href="Telecommunication_circuit" title="Telecommunication circuit">telecommunication circuit</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a><br>and switching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth</a></li>

<li><a href="Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li>

<li><a href="Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a>

<ul><li><a href="Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li>

<li><a href="Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a>

<ul><li><a href="Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">terminal</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">Space-division</a></li>

<li><a href="Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li>

<li><a href="Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li>

<li><a href="Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li>

<li><a href="Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li>

<li><a href="Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data transmission</a></li>

<li><a href="Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">Store and forward</a></li>

<li><a href="Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Types of network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li>

<li><a href="Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li>

<li><a href="Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a></li>

<li><a href="Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li>

<li><a href="Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless network</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Notable networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li>

<li><a href="BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li>

<li><a href="CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a></li>

<li><a href="FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li>

<li><a href="Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li>

<li><a href="Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a></li>

<li><a href="JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li>

<li><a href="NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a></li>

<li><a href="TANet" title="TANet">TANet</a></li>

<li><a href="Toasternet" title="Toasternet">Toasternet</a></li>

<li><a href="Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Africa</li>

<li>Americas

<ul><li>North</li>

<li>South</li></ul></li>

<li>Antarctica</li>

<li>Europe</li>

<li>Oceania</li>

<li><i><a href="List_of_telecommunications_regulatory_bodies" title="List of telecommunications regulatory bodies">Global telecommunications regulation bodies</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Portal%3ATelecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"></span></span> <a href="Outline_of_telecommunication" title="Outline of telecommunication">Outline</a></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Telecommunications">Commons</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2023-12-25" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Subscriber_trunk_dialling&oldid=1191768594">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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